Proto-human language may have evolved over many million years on Bioko. Large crowds of people entertained themselves by standing up to their necks in water and singing to each other. It was not so

The diversity of sounds in various languages can be used to trace back to the origin of language. The results point to an African origin of modern human language, and more precisely, a western African

There are no mammal fossils of any kind where African great apes currently live. But using DNA to estimate the time of the last common ancestors, we can imagine a plausible sequence of speciation

The Bioko hypothesis uses the model of punctuated evolution, with speciation (rapid evolution) followed by stasis (minimal evolutionary change). Arboreal orangutans speciated about 20.2 million years

Early in our evolution, a mutant baby was presumably born with a chromosome error in which the 2A and 2B chromosomes of apes were fused to form the long chromosome 2 of humans. This genetic mutation

A family adrift at sea survived by eating raw sea-turtle meat. Sea turtles are easy to catch and kill, so their numbers have dwindled in the past century. Therefore it is not allowed to eat sea-turtle

Thanks to Terry Turner and Bernard Harper for these tips about rafting monkeys. Upright trees and turf with monkeys and other animals have been observed floating down rivers and into the sea. This is

Here are articles about the highly divergent A00-haplogroup. Some of the people on mainland Africa near Bioko might be only one step away from the postulated Bioko marine humans. Their DNA and

Updated page Anthropogeny.net now moved to BiokoApes.com Where, when, & why did humans originate? The earliest human DNA ('Y-DNA Adam') and language (Khoi-San with 'clicks') are in western Africa,

There is sometimes a tendency in computer programming to not be interested in developments that were invented by competitors. This is called the Not-invented-here syndrome. There is a similar tendency

Where could a single family or a thousand families survive for ten years without clothes, fire, weapons or tools? One of those places might be where bald-bodied humans evolved. The place would have to

Chimpanzees and gorillas are quadrupedal, walking on four legs. Their hands land on their knuckles, not their palms. Orangutans sometimes walk on their knuckles also. Elaine and most primatologists

In December 2021 I discovered that Elaine Morgan had posted over 5000 messages on the discussion site AAT@groups.io. She posted most of these messages under the pseudonyms 'Rob Dudman' and 'Bill' in

I think I am about to be expelled from the discussion at AAT@groups.io. The monitors, and several others, would like to be rid of me. They don't want to hear more about Bioko Apes. That model competes

(This seems to be the first scientific publication of AAT, and the first to use the term 'aquatic ape theory'. I'm surprised that it is not better known. Allan) THE AQUATIC APE THEORY RECONSIDERED

I think human ancestors lost their arboreal habitat in exactly the same way that Galapagos iguanas did. They are called 'marine iguanas', not 'aquatic iguanas'. So I will stop using the term 'aquatic

There are currently about 5000 languages spoken in the world, and a third of them are in Africa. Human language probably originated there, and relatively few languages were 'exported' to other

In a 2020 article in Nature, scientists reported on the DNA of human skeletons buried on mainland Africa near Bioko (their blue star). They detected 'ghost modern' genes, and wondered where this large

This article in 2016 nicely explains current scientific interpretations of human genetic diversity.

If a population of chimps evolved in an isolated aquatic habitat with no predators for a million years, wouldn't they become just like humans? No fossils of a chimp or any other mammal have ever been